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In audio intercepts from the front lines in Ukraine, Russian soldiers speak in shorthand of 200s to mean dead, 300s to mean wounded. The urge to flee has become common enough that they also talk of 500s - people who refuse to fight.

As the war grinds into its second winter, a growing number of Russian soldiers want out, as suggested in secret recordings obtained by The Associated Press of Russian soldiers calling home from the battlefields of the Kharkiv, Luhansk and Donetsk regions in Ukraine.

The calls offer a rare glimpse of the war as it looked through Russian eyes — a point of view that seldom makes its way into Western media, largely because Russia has made it a crime to speak honestly about the conflict in Ukraine. They also show clearly how the war has progressed, from the professional soldiers who initially powered Vladimir Putin's full-scale invasion to men from all walks of life compelled to serve in grueling conditions.

"There's no f------ 'dying the death of the brave' here," one soldier told his brother from the front in Ukraine's Kharkiv region. "You just die like a f------ earthworm."

The prospect of another wave of mobilization lingers, even as Moscow has been trying to lure people into signing contracts with the military. Russia's annual autumn conscription draft kicked off in October, pulling in some 130,000 fresh young men. Though Moscow says conscripts won't be sent to Ukraine, after a year of service they automatically become reservists — prime candidates for mobilization.

The AP verified the identities of people in the calls by speaking with relatives and soldiers — some of whom are still at war in Ukraine — and researching open-source material linked to the phone numbers used by the soldiers.

The conversations, picked up in January 2023 - some from near the longest and deadliest fight in Bakhmut - have been edited for length and clarity. Names have been omitted to protect the soldiers and their relatives.

The voices in these calls are of men who didn't or couldn't flee mobilization. Some had no money, no education and no options. Others believed in patriotic duty. One worked in a meat processing plant, cutting bone. Another worked at a law firm. A third, who worked as a roofer and later at a supermarket company, had a string of debts and had defaulted on his utilities payments, records show.

It is hard to say how representative these calls are of sentiment in Russia's armed forces, but their desperation is matched by a spike in legal cases against soldiers in Russia who refuse to fight.

What's happening in Ukraine is "simply genocide," the soldier in Kharkiv told his brother. "If this s--- doesn't stop, then soon we'll be leading the Ukrainians to the Kremlin ourselves," he said.

"This is just a huge testing ground, where the whole world is testing their weapons, f--- it, and sizing up their d----," he went on. "That's all."

But there are other voices, too, of men who remain committed to the fight.

"As long as we are needed here, we will carry out our task," a soldier named Artyom told AP from eastern Ukraine at the end of May, where he'd been stationed for eight months without a break. "Just stop asking me these stupid questions."

The Kremlin and Russian Ministry of Defense did not respond to requests for comment.

When he finally got to go home, it came at a terrible price: his brother's life.

Nicknamed "Crazy Professor" because of his disheveled hair, he was swept up in the first days of Russia's September 2022 draft. The soldier said he was assured that he wouldn't see combat and would get to go home every six months.

Neither turned out to be true.

"They are the same as we are"

After a few weeks of training, the Professor was sent to the front line near Bakhmut as a mortarman. He wanted out almost immediately. He was ill-equipped, at least compared to the well-camouflaged Wagner soldiers wandering around.

"They have night vision and automatic rifles with cool silencers. I have an automatic rifle from 1986 or hell knows what year," he told his brother in a January phone call.

It was his job to aim, but the Russian army's coordinates were so sloppy that soldiers ended up killing each other.

The Professor said his commander instructed them not to kill civilians, but who was a civilian and who was a combatant? Even a kid could carry a grenade, he told his brother. Where did the mortars he fired land? Had he killed children?

The worst was when he was out with young guys in his unit. There was just a strip of woods between them and the Ukrainians.

"I imagined that there, on the other side, there could be young people just like us. And they have their whole lives ahead of them," he told AP in June. "Bones, tears - all the same, they are the same as we are."

The Professor told himself he didn't really have a choice: Either fire the mortar or face criminal charges and end up in a pit or a prison.

"If you don't like something, if you refuse to do something, you're considered a refusenik," he told AP. "That is, you're a '500' right away. … So we had to follow orders. Whether we wanted to or not."

The Professor never thought he'd be a refusenik one day too.

"I wish you could come home"  

The Professor: The worst thing is that there might even be children there, you know.

Brother: And what can you do. … You have your orders. … It seems to me that if it had been voluntary, you wouldn't have gone.

The Professor: You know, I'm glad about that. Plus, we did such a good job that they gave us a car. The downside is, you know, how many lives were ruined for the sake of a car?

Brother: Not of your own free will.

The Professor: I'm already so tired.

Brother: I believe it. Time to come home. I wish you could come home. Not so that you could home but so that all of this could be over already.

"Gloomy as hell"

In the spring, as the Professor's brothers drove down a road outside their hometown in Russia, a car made a U-turn into the side of their vehicle, sending it spinning as a semi bore down on them.

One brother was killed. Another survived but now cannot walk, family members told AP.

Desperate to go home to bury his brother, the Professor said he got approval from his commander for a 10-day leave. Military police in Russian-controlled territory in Luhansk let him through, he said, and he paid for his own taxi ride home. Once he got back to Russia, however, he was told he didn't have the right paperwork.

Not long after the funeral, the Professor got a message from his commanding officer: "What is happening there? Are you going to come back or stay there?"

"I'll collect the documents, and then we'll decide everything," he wrote back.

Two hours later, around midnight, his commander responded: "I'm reporting you as AWOL, unauthorized abandonment of the unit. It was nice fighting together."

Now he faces up to 10 years in prison.

He hired a lawyer. Months into a 10-day leave, he can't even apply for an extension to legalize his stay and help his family because he doesn't have the right documents. He said his brother can move around on his arms and mostly get into his wheelchair by himself, but can't function independently.

People from the military came to his home, he said. Terrified they'd arrest him if he went outside, he passed documents attesting to the dire state of his family's health to them through the window.

His lawyer told him to look on the bright side. "You are the only, well, how do I put this … at least, you're the only healthy person here."

His mother is at the end of her endurance.

"I write everywhere, I call everywhere, too. Because he was told that he has to return to his unit," his mother told AP. "But how can he leave his brother? I have no one."

Now, the Professor has visions of dead people. They stare back at him. He can almost hear them walking nearby. Sometimes he bolts awake at night, sweating, or dives under the covers at the sound of a whistle.

He wants his old life back, that sweet time he had with his wife and baby. He has picked up some roofing work at construction sites, and his neighbor proposed a new side job: digging graves.

Artyom left behind a string of debts in Russia. Things got even worse in Ukraine, where it was so cold he couldn't wash his underwear and his lighter kept freezing.

"It's not like I'm having any f------ fun here, day in day out. It's been f------ four months already," he told his wife in January. "Everybody's f------ mad, f------ gloomy as hell."

It was New Year's Day, and the Russians were getting bombarded by Ukrainians and not even firing back, he said.

"Yesterday we were f------ bombarded, for f---'s sake, we didn't even get a single shell out, not a single f------ shell," he told his wife.

The war seemed senseless to him. Why wasn't Putin satisfied with Crimea? What business did they have trying to take Kharkiv and Kyiv? Why was everyone lying about how great things were at the front?

No one was saying the one thing he wanted to hear: that he could go home.

"On edge all the time"  

Artyom: Yesterday we were listening to the radio and someone f------ said, "the situation with mobilized soldiers is f------ wonderful." I don't know who the f------ idiot is who said that. "Only five thousand people died."

Wife: Mhm. Of course.

Artyom: F------ s---heads. I think half of them are probably gone at this point.

Wife: Right.

Artyom: Five thousand people my ass.

Artyom doesn't have much sympathy for draft dodgers and deserters, though he can see the wisdom in making a run for it.

"That's what you have to do, given the chance," he told his wife. "This is not the best f------ place to be … But then they're gonna say you're a f------ freak who ran away. I don't f------ need that."

He told her he'll stay put and follow orders. "If God wills it so that you're gonna f------ die, you're gonna f------ die, can't do much about it."

The AP reached Artyom by phone at the end of May. He was still in eastern Ukraine, where he'd been serving for eight months without break.

Artyom said he'd been "a little worn out mentally" when he was speaking with his wife. He said he loved his family before the war and loved them even more now. He regrets he didn't spend more time with them.

"I have to save the guys who are with me in the trenches - and myself," he said. "That's what I want to do. And to put down the Ukrainians faster and go home."

After two months on the front lines north of Bakhmut, Roman had some advice for his friend and former colleague back in Russia: Avoid this war any way you can.

"I'm telling you honestly, if there's even a slight chance, get exempted from service. But if the summons comes for mobilization, f--- it to hell. Join Wagner or the contract soldiers, or wherever you can. God forbid the mobilized. The mobilized are the lowest."

Roman explained that professional contract soldiers are taken care of: They get to go on leave, launder their clothes and bathe. They don't have to struggle for food and water.

Meanwhile, mobilized soldiers like him are shoved in trenches with men from all walks of life, some of whom don't even know how to hold guns. They never get to leave, and their commanders — "weak wusses," he says — aren't much help. He's had to buy night vision goggles with his own money. There's not enough to eat and no clean drinking water. Soldiers are licking at snowflakes and scooping up rainwater to drink. He said he lost 30 kilos (over 60 pounds). The diarrhea hasn't helped.

"It came to the point that there were puddles, it had rained, and the guys scooped up all the puddles and drank," Roman told his friend. "Snow fell, f------ s---, and the snow didn't even reach the ground, the guys caught it and ate it."

When he arrived in Ukraine in November 2022, Roman was part of a unit of 100 men. By early January, about a third were gone.

Roman said he's been lucky twice. Once he got food poisoning and stayed back while a group of scouts went out. They never came back. Another time, he was carrying water and tripped and fell just as a shell landed, killing others nearby.

Surrounded by a horseshoe of Ukrainian troops, Roman said it was like being on the tip of a toilet seat, in constant fear that their supply lines, thin as they were, would get cut off.

Roman had to scoop a man's guts back into his body - an act that didn't save the guy's life. Another time, he went out to defecate in a field, and tanks started firing around him. He just kept squatting till he was done. After two months of living like this, so scared you'll shoot at the softest sound in the dark, even the strongest minds started to fray.

"We survive because we are on edge all the time," he said. "Even guys from our own side don't come close, especially at night. When we are on duty, we warn everyone that we will shoot at anything that rustles."

Roman said his cousin was killed by a shell that took out a dozen soldiers. His family managed to get his body - or at least half of his body - back to Russia, but the other 11 soldiers lay unclaimed in Ukraine.

It wasn't just the killing that did people in, it was the sense that they'd been forgotten.

"The killing is everywhere"

Roman: Our group is made up of guys who are sufficiently strong, morally, and guys like that. It was the first wave. Guys came together who are sufficiently patriotic, roughly speaking, who knew what it was to fight. After two months, they start to lose it. For many of them, their psyche was broken.

Friend: Yeah, I understand, all of the killing of course.

Roman: Yes, the killing is everywhere. A f------ lot of corpses. Some were stabbed with a knife, but that's not the point. Psyches are not broken because of this. These are people who are professionals, it's our national army, these professionals come to our position. 'F---, it's f----- up here.' They turn around and leave. That is, they are replaced, they have rotation, they are given leave, their clothes are washed and ironed, they wash in the bathhouse, they have no problem with food, they have no problem with water. It's not like this for us. It once came to the point that there were puddles, it had rained, and the guys scooped up all the puddles and drank.

"The mobilized are not considered humans"  

The "depressing, horrible" panic that attacked him at the beginning of his tour has subsided. The calls home help.

One night, Roman got pulled into a special mission. They snuck into a Ukrainian dugout, knives drawn, hacked up a bunch of men and captured a Ukrainian officer for questioning. Death was everywhere, on both sides of the front.

"F---, I already feel more pity shooting a bird than a person," Roman told his friend.

Contacted by the AP, both men declined to comment.

After four months in Ukraine, Andrei concluded that his life meant nothing to Moscow.

Called up for military service from a small town in Russia's far east, he soon found himself in eastern Ukraine's Donetsk province, on the southern approach to Bakhmut.

Andrei's unit was taking heavy losses, and no one was even shooting back at the Ukrainians, he said. People were dying from friendly fire. Mobilized men like him were being forced to sign contracts.

"The mobilized are not considered humans," he told his mother. "No one gives a damn about us. They think that for 200,000 (rubles) we should die here."

Mutiny was in the air.

"Our boys are dying for nothing"

Andrei: Our boys are dying for nothing. It's nonsense, I tell you. This is not a war at all. When I come back, I'll tell you what's going on here. It's all bull----. I'm telling you, our boys are dying, going 300, and no one even shoots back. It's all nonsense. Our artillery is hammering our own dugouts, not theirs. What is that?

Mother: What for?

Andrei: They, like, miss the mark. … Here, if they don't get you, your own will.

Mother: (Inaudible)

Andrei: I'm telling you, you just start going nuts here, like everything pisses you off. Because you can't do s--- about it. Nobody gives a s---. It's a half year and that's it. F--- them. If they don't relieve us, if they don't pull us out, the whole company will just walk away. They can't put a crowd of 100 people on trial.

Mother: They have no right to keep you longer.

Andrei: No one gives a damn here. We were told the other day that they forgot about us a little bit here. But they didn't just forget about us - they f----- us.

Mobilized soldiers like him are treated worst of all, he told his mom. They're not allowed to leave - even if they get injured - because commanders fear they'll never come back.

"They forget about you"

Andrei: Well, our guys are getting killed in droves.

Mother: Judging by what I -

Andrei: I'm telling you. In droves from our side. If a contract soldier is wounded, he's sent home. If a mobilized soldier is wounded, they treat him, patch him up a bit, and tell him to go the f--- back, why the hell are you dodging? All in all, if you get sick here, you will not be sent home. They won't give a damn, and you'll die in this pit where you live in. You can't get sick here at all.

Mother: Better not get sick. (Inaudible)

Andrei: This is how s--- works here. As long as you are useful, they like know who you are. And when you become useless, then nobody needs you. They forget about you.

"I don't recognize my homeland"  

He said the only reason he's still alive is luck and regrets finding himself at war. "This is my only mistake in life," he said. "I will not fall into the same trap twice."

"God gives you one chance," his mother responded. "God willing, you'll come home."

In September, Andrei's mother told AP her son was home, keeping himself busy with his family and collecting pine cones from the taiga.

She said she was born in Ukraine and her mother still lives there. She said it pains her that Ukraine is now filled with "traitors and fascists."

"I hate your current rulers," she said. "Are you blind or stupid? Or can't you see that there are no normal people? Or do you want your children to turn into monkeys, like in America? What is this? I don't recognize my homeland, where I was born and went to school."

In:
• Ukraine
• Russia